![]() Three hierarchical spatial partitioning structures-apertures 3, 4, and 7 were utilized in hexagonal DGGSs. Compared with other cell shapes, hexagonal cells have advantages such as close packing and uniform adjacency, which are favorable for spatial analysis and data visualization (Sahr Citation2011 Ben et al. In geodesic DGGSs, there are three common cell shapes: triangle (Dutton Citation1984, Citation1999 Iii, John, and Goldsman Citation2001 Zhao, Chen, and Li Citation2006), quadrilateral (Alborzi and Samet Citation2000 White Citation2000 Amiri, Bhojani, and Samavati Citation2013), and hexagon (Sahr, White, and Jon Kimerling Citation2003 Vince Citation2006 Vince and Zheng Citation2009 Tong et al. Citation1999 White Citation2000 Sahr Citation2008 Vince and Zheng Citation2009). The icosahedral Snyder projection is commonly used in geodesic DGGS research due to its equal-area property and low angular distortion (Snyder Citation1992 Kimerling et al. The base polyhedrons used to approximate the earth can be partitioned into cells and projected onto a sphere by a projection method. Different geodesic DGGSs may be characterized according to base polyhedrons, cell shape, aperture, cell indexing, and projections (Mahdavi-Amiri, Alderson, and Samavati Citation2015 Peterson Citation2016). Citation2020), and prediction of hate crimes (Jendryke and McClure Citation2021).Ĭompared with the DGGS based on the geographic coordinate system, the geodesic DGGS based on regular polyhedrons has equal-area cell regions and can avoid distortion from the equator to the poles, which has increased its popularity among many researchers (Sahr, White, and Jon Kimerling Citation2003). Citation2017), integrated environmental analytics (Robertson et al. Citation2018), construction of global gazetteers (Adams Citation2017), global oil palm monitoring (Cheng et al. Citation2019 Li, Stefanakis, and Mcgrath Citation2020), ocean modeling (Lin et al. As a tool, the DGGS has been employed in multiple fields, such as geospatial data management (Shuang et al. The DGGS is more suitable for solving large-scale problems and efficient processing of multiresolution data because of its hierarchical and continuous structure. Compared with traditional spatial data organization and application mode, the DGGS can avoid the large deformation caused by direct projection. In the DGGS, the earth's surface is partitioned into a set of cell regions, where each region has a single point and unique code associated with it. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) specified the core abstract specification and extension mechanisms for the DGGS (Purss et al. Citation2020).ĭGGSs comprise a spatial reference system that uses a hierarchical tessellation of cells to partition and address the globe, which is considered a promising model for processing big earth data. Citation2018), the DGGS will enable the integrated analysis of massive, multisource, multiresolution, multidimensional earth observation data (Yao et al. Based on its infrastructure, which is superior to regular grids based on map projections (Bauer-Marschallinger, Sabel, and Wagner Citation2014 Lin et al. Discrete global grid systems (DGGSs) are gaining traction as data models for a digital earth framework designed for heterogeneous geospatial big data (Craglia et al. To meet the challenges in transmitting, storing, processing, analyzing, managing, and sharing big earth data, advanced technology is required to make the data manageable and valuable (Guo et al. With the development of technology in earth science, the era of big earth data has arrived (Guo et al. A case study with rainstorms demonstrated the availability of this scheme. Spatial modeling based OHQS DGGSs are also provided. The encoding operation based on the i j k coordinate system is faster than the encoding operation based on the induction and addition table. Compared with existing schemes, the scheme in this paper greatly improves the efficiency of the addition operation, neighborhood retrieval and coordinate transformation, and the coding is more concise than other aperture 4 hexagonal DGGSs. We implement the transformation between OHQS codes and geographic coordinates through the i j, i j k and I J K coordinate systems. This paper also provides two different grid code addition algorithms based on induction and i j k coordinate transformation. ![]() A vector model is established to describe and calculate the aperture 4 hexagonal grid system. ![]() This paper proposes a novel and efficient encoding and operation scheme of an optimized hexagonal quadtree structure (OHQS) based on aperture 4 hexagonal discrete global grid systems by translation transformation. Although research on the discrete global grid systems (DGGSs) has become an essential issue in the era of big earth data, there is still a gap between the efficiency of current encoding and operation schemes for hexagonal DGGSs and the needs of practical applications. ![]()
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